Authors
Thomas, A.Necchi, A.
Muneer, A.
Tobias-Machado, M.
Tran, Anna T
Van Rompuy, A. S.
Spiess, P. E.
Albersen, M.
Affiliation
Laboratory of Experimental Urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.Issue Date
2021
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare cancer with orphan disease designation and a prevalence of 0.1-1 per 100,000 men in high-income countries, but it constitutes up to 10% of malignancies in men in some African, Asian and South American regions. Risk factors for PSCC include the absence of childhood circumcision, phimosis, chronic inflammation, poor penile hygiene, smoking, immunosuppression and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Several different subtypes of HPV-related and non-HPV-related penile cancers have been described, which also have different prognostic profiles. Localized disease can be effectively managed by topical therapy, surgery or radiotherapy. As PSCC is characterized by early lymphatic spread and imaging is inadequate for the detection of micrometastatic disease, correct and upfront surgical staging of the inguinal lymph nodes is crucial in disease management. Advanced stages of disease require multimodal management. Optimal sequencing of treatments and patient selection are still being investigated. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens are the mainstay of systemic therapy for advanced PSCC, but they have poor and non-durable responses and high rates of toxic effects, indicating a need for the development of more effective and less toxic therapeutic options. Localized and advanced penile cancers and their treatment have profound physical and psychosexual effects on the quality of life of patients and survivors by altering sexual and urinary function and causing lymphoedema.Citation
Thomas A, Necchi A, Muneer A, Tobias-Machado M, Tran ATH, Van Rompuy AS, et al. Penile cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):11.Journal
Nature Reviews. Disease PrimersDOI
10.1038/s41572-021-00246-5PubMed ID
33574340Additional Links
https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00246-5Type
OtherLanguage
enae974a485f413a2113503eed53cd6c53
10.1038/s41572-021-00246-5
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