Use of anastrozole for breast cancer prevention (IBIS-II): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Two large clinical trials have shown a reduced rate of breast cancer development in high-risk women in the initial 5 years of follow-up after use of aromatase inhibitors (MAP.3 and International Breast Cancer Intervention Study II [IBIS-II]). Here, we report blinded long-term follow-up results for the IBIS-II trial, which compared anastrozole with placebo, with the objective of determining the efficacy of anastrozole for preventing breast cancer (both invasive and ductal carcinoma in situ) in the post-treatment period.

METHODS: IBIS-II is an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Postmenopausal women at increased risk of developing breast cancer were recruited and were randomly assigned (1:1) to either anastrozole (1 mg per day, oral) or matching placebo daily for 5 years. After treatment completion, women were followed on a yearly basis to collect data on breast cancer incidence, death, other cancers, and major adverse events (cardiovascular events and fractures). The primary outcome was all breast cancer.

FINDINGS: 3864 women were recruited between Feb 2, 2003, and Jan 31, 2012. 1920 women were randomly assigned to 5 years anastrozole and 1944 to placebo. After a median follow-up of 131 months (IQR 105-156), a 49% reduction in breast cancer was observed for anastrozole (85 vs 165 cases, hazard ratio [HR] 0á51, 95% CI 0á39-0á66, p<0á0001). The reduction was larger in the first 5 years (35 vs 89, 0á39, 0á27-0á58, p<0á0001), but still significant after 5 years (50 vs 76 new cases, 0á64, 0á45-0á91, p=0á014), and not significantly different from the first 5 years (p=0á087). Invasive oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer was reduced by 54% (HR 0á46, 95% CI 0á33-0á65, p<0á0001), with a continued significant effect in the period after treatment. A 59% reduction in ductal carcinoma in situ was observed (0á41, 0á22-0á79, p=0á0081), especially in participants known to be oestrogen receptor-positive (0á22, 0á78-0á65, p<0á0001). No significant difference in deaths was observed overall (69 vs 70, HR 0á96, 95% CI 0á69-1á34, p=0á82) or for breast cancer (two anastrozole vs three placebo). A significant decrease in non-breast cancers was observed for anastrozole (147 vs 200, odds ratio 0á72, 95% CI 0á57-0á91, p=0á0042), owing primarily to non-melanoma skin cancer. No excess of fractures or cardiovascular disease was observed.

INTERPRETATION: This analysis has identified a significant continuing reduction in breast cancer with anastrozole in the post-treatment follow-up period, with no evidence of new late side-effects. Further follow-up is needed to assess the effect on breast cancer mortality.