Pre-surgical metformin In uterine malignancy (PREMIUM): a multi-center, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial

Abstract

Purpose Endometrioid endometrial cancer is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, reduces endometrial tumor growth in vitro. Pre-surgical window studies allow rapid in vivo assessment of anti-tumor activity. Previous window studies found metformin reduced endometrial cancer proliferation but these lacked methodological rigor. PREMIUM measured the anti-proliferative effect of metformin in vivo using a robust window study design. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized women with atypical hyperplasia or endometrioid endometrial cancer to receive metformin (850mg daily for three days, and twice daily thereafter) or placebo for 1-5 weeks until surgery. The primary outcome was post-treatment immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67. Secondary outcomes investigated the effect of metformin on markers of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and insulin signaling pathways and obesity. RESULTS: Eighty-eight women received metformin (n=45) or placebo (n=43) and completed treatment. There was no overall difference in post-treatment Ki-67 between the metformin and placebo arms, in an ANCOVA analysis adjusting for baseline Ki-67 expression (mean difference -0.57%, 95% CI -7.57%, 6.42%, p=0.87). Metformin did not affect expression of markers of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR or insulin signaling pathways, and did not result in weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term treatment with standard diabetic doses of metformin does not reduce tumor proliferation in women with endometrioid endometrial cancer awaiting hysterectomy. This study does not support a biological effect of metformin in endometrial cancer and casts doubt on its potential application in the primary and adjuvant treatment settings.